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dadadada 2005-09-04 11:26

代词
代词是用来代替句子中或文章中提及过的名词。代词分为：人称代词、疑问代词、指示代词、不定代词和关系代词。

一、人称代词

人称代词有以下几种形式：


主格
宾格
所有格
物主代词
反身代词

单

数
I
me
my
mine
myself

you
you
your
yours
yourself

he
him
his
his
himself

she
her
her
hers
herself

it
it
its
its
itself



复

数
we
us
our
ours
ourselves

you
you
your
yours
yourselves

they
them
their
theirs
themselves


（1）人称代词的主格用来做句子的主语。如：

I work as an engineer in that factory.我在那家工厂是工程师。

They thought he was wrong.他们想他是错的。

* 人称代词的主格如二个或三个一起用作主语，它们的秩序是：

①第二人称、第一人称：

You and I are of the same age.我和你同岁。

②第三人称、第一人称：

He and I went to the exhibition yesterday.我和他昨天去了展览会。

③第二人称、第三人称、第一人称：

You，he and I will attend a meeting tomorrow afternoon.

我、你还有他明天下午将去参加一个会议。

（2）人称代词的宾格用作宾语：

Look at me.看着我。

Tell me the story.把故事讲给我听。

* 如出现二个或二个以上宾格同作宾语时，它们的排列也是：

①第二人称、第一人称：

It's between you and me.这只是你我之间的事。

②第三人称、第一人称：

Don't tell a lie to him or me.不要对我或他说谎。

③第二人称、第三人称、第一人称：

They won't let you，him and me join them.他们不会让我、你或他参加他们的（活动）的。

（3）所有格用来表示所属关系，用作定语：

My teacher is young.我的老师年轻。

（4）物主代词等于所有格加名词。如：


这是他的钢笔。我的钢笔在我的书包里。

I forgot to bring my dictionary here. Can I use yours（=your dictionary）？我忘记把我的词典带到这儿来了，我能用你的吗？

（5）反身代词的用法有以下几种：

a. 作主语的反身代词：

He did it himself.他自己做了。

A baby isn't able to look after itself. 婴孩是不能自己照顾自己的。

b.作宾语的反身代词：

I told him to read the newspaper himself.我告诉他自己去看报。

c. 作主语的补语：

He is not himself today. 他今天身体不好。

d.对主语作强调。省去它，全句意思不受影响。

I myself am a doctor.我自己是个医生。

e.用在其它地方作强调用：

She married David himself，not his money or position.她嫁给大卫，而不是他的钱或地位。

The murderer was Mr White himself.那杀人凶犯就是怀特先生本人。

（6）It的用法：

a. It用作形式主语：

It is hard to speak English. 讲英语很难。

主语

It is surprising that they should come so early.

主语

他们那么早来令人惊奇。

It shocked us that he died in the road accident.

主语

他死于交通事故，使我很震惊。

b. It 用作形式宾语：

You will find it difficult to solve this problem.

宾语

你会发现解决这个问题很难。

I think it necessary that you should learn a foreign language well.

宾语

我想对你来说学好一门外语是有必要的。

c. It 用作主语，表示天气等自然现象：

It's a fine day today.今天天气好。

It's cold in winter.冬天冷。

It is raining now.现在天在下雨。

d. It用作主语，表示时间：

It's already eleven.现在已是十一点了。

It's early spring now.现在是早春。

e. It 用作主语，表示距离：

It's far from here to the airport.从这里到飞机场很远。

It's fifteen minutes' walk from my home to school.

从我的家到学校走十五分钟。

f. It用于口语中：

A：Who is it？甲：谁。

B：It's me.乙：我。

敲门时用语。it表示某人。

g. It用于以下结构，表示“据…”：

It is said that the president has been seriously ill.

据说总统最近病得厉害。

（It is said…据说…）

It is reported that over ten people were injured in the road accident.据报道十多人在交通事故中受伤。

（It is reported…据报道…）

h. It 用于强调句。详见强调句。

dadadada 2005-09-04 11:28
形容词是用来形容人或物的词。一般可作定语或补语。做定语用的形容词叫定语形容词，做补语即表语用的形容词叫补语形容词或表语形容词。大多数的形容词既作定语形容词又作补语形容词。如：

He is a good student.（定语形容词）   This student is good.（补语形容词）

（1）有些形容词只能作补语。常见的有：

ill，well，content，unable，sorry，glad，exempt bound（for），bent（on），afraid，ashamed，asleep，a wake，away，aware，alike，alive，alone。还有其他一些以a开头的词。

（2）有些形容词只能用作定语。如：

left，right，inner，outer，upper，hinder，former，elder，eldest，major，minor，latter，lesser，wooden，woolen，brazen。

（3）同时有几个形容词修饰一个名词，它们的排列先后问题。

两个或两个以上形容词并列作定语修饰词，它们的顺序是：

a.大小、形状：a small oblong table一只小的长方形桌子

b.大小、形状、颜色：a small oblong brown table一只小的长方形的棕色的桌子

c.新旧、颜色：a new brown table一只新的棕色的桌子

d.多个形容词中有国籍，国籍放在最后，其他按上面所述。

如：a small oblong brown American table 一只长方形的棕色的美国产的桌子

e.多个形容词中含有材料，材料放在最后。其他照旧。如：

a small oblong brown American wooden table 一只长方形的棕色的美国产的木质的桌子

f.多个形容词中含有评价的形容词，那么评价形容词放在最前面。其他照旧。如：

a nice small oblong brown American wooden table 一只好的长方形的棕色的美国产的木质桌子

（4）另有一组表示数量的限定性形容词。如：much，many，little，few，any，some，all，every，either，both等，一般置于名词前，如：

He is a dull man with no hobbies at all.他是一个枯燥乏味的人，没有兴趣爱好。

Every student here is hard working.这里的每个学生都很勤奋。

以上这些形容词在用法上特别要注意它们和名词的数的一致及与动词的一致。

（5）形容词比较级和最高级：

a.一般来说，单音节形容词在构成比较级时，通常在原级后加-er，构成最高级时，在原级后加-est。参考以下表格：

类型
例词
注

原 级
比较级
最高级

一般单音

节形容词
tall

cold
taller

colder
tallest

coldest


以-e或-ee

结尾的形容词
nice

free
freer
nicest

freest
在词尾加-r，-st

以-ng

结尾的形容词
strong
stronger


strongest


注意加了-er，-est后的发音


以-r或-st

结尾的形容词
poor

pure
poorer


purer


poorest


purer


同上


重读闭音

节形容词
hot

big
hotter

bigger
hottest

biggest
双写最后一个字母，再加-er，-est


     

b.少数以-y，-er，-ow，-ble结尾的双音节形容词在构成比较级和最高级时，也在末尾加-er或-est。参考以下表格：





类型
例词
注

原 级
比较级
最高级

以-y结尾的形容词
funny

happy

gay
funnier

happier

gayer
funniest

happiest

gayest
y前是辅音字母则变y为i再加-er，-est

以-er，-ow结尾的形容词
clever
cleverer
cleverest

narrowest


以-ble结尾的形容词
able
abler
ablest
加-r，-st，因为able是以e结尾的


c.多数双音节和多音节形容词构成比较级和最高级时，采用more＋原级和the most＋原级，如：



原级
比 较 级
最 高 级

careful
more careful
the most careful

interesting
more interesting
The most interesting




①过去分词作形容词的比较级和最高级的构成，也是采用more，most，如：

原级比较级最高级

excitedmore excited the most excited

②少数单音节形容词，如glad，fond，real也用more，most构成比较级和最高级。

d.某些形容词已有到极限的意思了，就没有比较级或最高级形式。如：perfect，right，wrong，true，empty，dead等。

e.有些形容词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的：

原 级
比较级
最高级
注

many

much
more
most


good
better
best


bad

ill
worse
worst


little
less
least


far
farther

further
farthest

furthest
更远、更往前further还为“进一步”

old
older

elder
oldest

eldest
年龄大小之比较用用于家庭中的长幼关系

late
later

latter
latest

last
latter常与former连用，作“后者”解


（6）常用的比较级和最高级句型：

a. as＋形容词原级＋as=as＋形容词＋名词＋as：

She is as pretty as her mother（is）。她和她的母亲一样漂亮。

Jimmy is as clever a boy as Tom（is）.吉米和汤姆一样聪明。

They are as interesting books as those written long ago.这些书像很久写的那些一样有趣。

I have got as many stamps as he（has）.我和他有一样多的邮票。

I have got as much ink as he（has）.我和他的墨水一样多。

There are as many books on this shelf as on that one.这个书架上的书和那个书架上的书一样多。

There is as much furniture in this room as in that room.这个房间的家俱和那个房间的一样多。

①在as…as前常可用以下副词表示程度：nearly，almost，just，quite，exactly，如：

This room is almost as big as that one.这房间几乎和那间一样大。

②有关倍数＋as…as参见数词。

b. the same＋n.（如height，size，width，depth，length，age等）＋as：

The boy is the same height as his father.那男孩和他父亲一样高了。

c.形容词比较级形式＋than：

This book is thicker than that one.这本书比那本厚。

That book is more useful than this one.那本书比这本有用。

more than前常用much，far，still，a lot，even，a great deal，a little等词来表示程度：

His handwriting is much better than mine.他的书写比我的好得多。

Ex.1 is a lot more difficult than Ex.2.练习一比练习二难得多。


以比较级的形式表示最高级：

Tom is cleverer than any other student in his class.

汤姆比他班上的任何一个同学聪明。（意为Tom是他班上最聪明的。）

=Tom is cleverer than any of the other students in his class.汤姆比他班上任何一个其他的同学聪明。（意思与上句相同。）

=Tom is cleverer than the other students in his class.

c.f. This cat is prettier than any dog here.这只猫比这里的任何一条狗漂亮。

前三句是同一类物的比较，而后一句是两个不同类的比较。

e.the＋形容词比较级形式＋of＋（两个人或两样事物的）名词：

This is the more interesting of the two films. 在这两部影片中，这部比较有趣。

She is the more beautiful of the two actresses. 在这两个女演员中她比较漂亮。

f. The more…，the more…句型（越……越……）：

The more…，the less…

The younger a child is，the lovelier he will be.孩子越小越可爱。

g.“越来越……”

It's March now. It's getting warmer and warmer.现在是三月了。天气越来越暖和了。

While watching the football match，they got more and more excited.他们看着足球赛，越来越激动起来。

h. the＋形容词最高级形式＋表示范围（三者以上）


This is the most expensive bag in the shop.这是这家店里最贵的包。

She is the tallest of all the girls in her class.她是她班最高的女生。

This is the most interesting film（that）I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最有趣的电影。

①the most…前可用by far，nearly，almost，或序数词表示程度：

This tree is by far the biggest in the world.这棵树是至今为止世界上最大的树。

This is the third longest bridge in the world.这是世界上第三长的桥。

②当形容词最高级作表语，又不和其他人或物比较时，定冠词the可以不用。如：

I was busiest those days，so I didn't even phone you.

在那些日子里我是最忙的，所以连电话也没给你打。

③当most用于形容词前，作“very”解时，一般不用定冠词the，修饰单数可数名词时，可用不定冠词“a”。如：

He is most musical.他非常有乐感。

It is a most wonderful concert.这是一场非常好的音乐会。

i.否定词＋原级比较或否定词＋比较级等于最高级的意思，如：

Nothing is as precious as life.   没有任何东西比生命更可贵的了。

=Life is the most precious of all the things.   生命是万物中最可贵的。

I believe no tree is as old as this one.   我相信没有比这棵树再老的树了。

I believe this is the oldest tree in the world.   我相信这是世界上最老的树。

I don't think I can give you a better answer.   我想我再也给不了你更好的回答了。

I think this is the best answer I can give you.   这是我能给你的最好的回答。

j.有否定意义的比较级和最高级和原级比较：

原级比较：He isn't as/so handsome as his brother.   他不如他的兄弟英俊。

比较级：The film is less interesting than the one we saw last week.   这部电影没有我们上星期看的那部有趣。

I get less pocket-money than she.   我得到的零用钱比她少。

He has got fewer stamps than I.   他的邮票比我的少。

一般来说less用于不可数名词前，fewer用于可数名词前，但less也可用于可数名词前。

最高级：

This is the least important news this week.   这是这星期中最不重要的新闻。

He got the least help from us.   他从我们这里得到的帮助最少。

k. no more…than，not more…than之区别：

no more…than解释为“A与B几乎一样”，即形容品质、质量一样低。如：

He is no taller than me.   他并不比我高。（即：我不高，他也不高。）

This book is no more interesting than that one.   这本书并不比那本有趣。（即两本书都枯躁乏味。）

no more than＋数词表示only的意思。如：

He finished the work in no more than two days.他只用了两天时间就完成了这项工作。

not more…than解释为“A不比B更……”，有肯定意义。

如：

This room is not larger than that one.   这间房不比那间房更大了。（意为两间房都大。）

not more than＋数词，表示“不超过”的意思。如：

In not more than twenty days，we'll have our mid-term exam.   在不到20天的日子里，我们将进行期中考试。

l. no less than，not less than之区别：

no less…than相当于as…as…如：

He is no less rich than his brother.   他和他的兄弟一样富。

=He is as rich as his brother.

no less than＋数词，表示“多达”的意思。如：

They bought the house for no less than 300,000 yuan.   他们用多达30万元买下了房子。

not less…than，表示“不比……更……”、“A不差于B”的意思。如：

She is not less beautiful than her mother.   她的美貌，不亚于她的母亲。

not less than＋数词，作“不少于，至少”解。如：

The boss offered me an income of not less than 2,000 yuan a month.   老板向我提供至少每月2千元的工资。

错误辨析

（1）那个病孩躺在床上。

误：The ill boy is lying in bed.   正：The sick boy is lying in bed.

析：ill只作表语形容词。而sick既可作表语形容词，又可作定语形容词。

（2）苏的作业比任何其他人的作业好。

误：Sue's work is better than anyone else.   正：Sue's work is better than anyone else's.

析：这里比较的是苏的作业和其他人的作业。

（3）我本子里的错比他的多得多。

误：There are much more mistakes in my exercise-book than in his.

正：There are many more mistakes in my exercise-book than in his.

析：mistake是可数名词，所以用many来修饰more，如果修饰不可数名词则用much＋比较级形式＋不可数名词。

（4）我校比上海任何一所学校大。

误：Our school is bigger than any school in Shanghai.

正：Our school is bigger than any other school in Shanghai.

析：同一类比，用any other＋名词单数或any of the other＋名词复数或the other＋名词复数。

（5）我害怕他。

误：I afraided of him.   正：I was afraid of him.   析：afraid是形容词。

（6）他今天比昨天累。

误：He is tireder today than he was yesterday.

正：He is more tired today than（he was）yesterday.

析：tired是过去分词。过去分词变成比较级不用-er，而是在过去分词前用more。

（7）露丝比她班的任何一个女孩害羞。

误：Rose is shier than any other girl in her class.

正：Rose is shyer than any other girl in her class.

析：shy的比较形式和最高级形式应该是直接加-er，-est。

（8）既然大家都懂了，我就不再作解释了。

误：Since everybody has got it，I won't give you any farther explanation.

正：Since everybody has got it ，I won't give you any further explanation.·

析：farther不作“进一步”解。

（9）我的女儿和你的女儿，谁大一点？

误：Who is elder，my daughter or your daughter？

正：Who is older，my daughter or your daughter？

析：elder，older的原形都是old。elder，eldest只用于家庭成员中比较长幼关系。

（10）他同球队中的任何一个篮球队员一样是个好篮球手。

误：He is as a good basketball player as any one else in the team.

正：He is as good a basketball player as any one else in the team.

析：as…as中间用的是形容词，如加名词的话，名词则放在形容词后。

dadadada 2005-09-04 11:29
副词是用来修饰形容词、动词、副词以及整个句子。表示地点、时间、程度、方式等。

He ate hungrily，for he hadn't eaten for a whole day.他狼吞虎咽，因为一整天他没吃东西了。（修饰动词）

You did it very well.   你做得很好。（修饰副词）

The house he lives in is typically English.   他住的那房子是典型的英国式的。（修饰形容词）

Unfortunately，she had her bag stolen.   不幸的是，她的包被偷了。（修饰整个句子）

副词一般由形容词加ly组成。如：slow—slowly

形容词加ly构成副词的规则是：

（1）一般在形容词后加ly。如：quick—quicklybrave—bravely

（2）以-y结尾的形容词一般变y为i再加ly。如：busy—busilyhungry—hungrily

（3）有些形容词与副词同形。如：early—early， fast—fast

（4）有些是特殊的。如：terrible—terribly

综合副词的类别，有：时间副词，地点副词，方式副词，程度副词，疑问副词，关系副词，连接副词，修饰整个句子的句子副词：

1.时间副词：

包括有表示确定时间的副词：today，yesterday，this morning；

表示不确定时间的副词：then，later，just，already等；表示事情发生先后顺序的副词：soon，first，finally等；和表示频率的频繁性副词：always，never，rarely，sometimes等。下面我们来讨论一下常用的表示时间的副词：

（1）表示……时间之前：ago，before.

ago是表示从现在往过去推的“一段时间前”。如下表所示：




I met him three years ago.   三年前我遇见他。

before是指过去某一时刻再往前推的“一段时间前”。如下表所示：


He said he met John three days before.

①把直接引语改为间接引语，ago变为before.

He said，“I telephoned her three days ago.”

He said that he had telephoned her three days before.

②讲述不确切的过去一段时间用before。如：

I have read the novel before.我过去曾看过这部小说。

（2）late，later，lately：

late表示“迟”、“晚”的意思。如：

Don't come too late.   不要来得太晚。

The milkman delivered the milk late yesterday.送牛奶的人昨天很晚才把牛奶送来。

later表示“后来”，“较晚的”（用于过去）的意思。如：

Later we learnt that she died of cancer.   后来我们得知她死于癌症。

She didn't tell us，but me learnt it from a friend of hers later.

她没有告诉我们，后来我们从她的一个朋友那里得知这一消息的。

a.常与表示时间的名词连用，作“……之后”，“过了……”解。

如下表所示：


John was ill. Two days later Mary went to see him.   约翰病了。两天后玛丽去看望了他。

b.表示“将来”、“以后”的意思，一般用将来时。如：

I'll tell you later.   我以后会告诉你的。

lately=recently 表示“最近”的意思。如：

I haven't seen her lately.   我最近没有见到她。

（3）still，yet：

a. still和yet用于否定句，意思有些不同，still含有惊奇或不满的意思，而yet只说明事实，两者都解释为“仍然”。如：

I still can't persuade him，   我还是说服不了他。

I haven't done my homework yet.   我还没有做作业。

b. still和yet用于肯定句，意思相同，表示“仍然”。如：


2.表示地方的副词：

有here，there，upstairs，somewhere等等。如：Go upstairs.   到楼上去。

有一部分表示方位的副词容易和介词混淆。我们应把它们区别开来。如：

You can hear the students reading aloud early every morning，when you walk past.（adv.）每天早晨当你经过时，你可以听到学生朗朗读书声。

When you walk past the school，you can hear the students reading aloud early every morning.（prep.）   当你走过那所学校时，你可以听到学生们很早就在早读。

3.程度副词：

（1）much，very，quite，fairly，rather，almost，nearly，awfully，frightfully，terribly，badly，greatly，completely，absolutdy 等等。我们讨论几组容易混淆的词：

a. fairly，quite，rather，pretty，表示“相当，还算”。这些词在程度上不及very：

quite和fairly解释为“较……”不及very。如：


quite还可以用来修饰表“极…”的形容词，如perfect，complete，empty，full，right。此时quite作“十分，完全”

解。如：

The room is quite empty.   这房间非常空。

quite还可以修饰某些动词，作“完全”解。如：

Please say it slowly. I can't quite catch you.   请说得慢些，我不能完全听明白。

b. fairly，quite，pretty：作“相当”解：

fairly和quite参见1）。pretty多用于口语。如：

You'll see him pretty soon.   很快你就会看到他的。

That old man can still play football pretty well. He used to play it long ago.   那老人足球仍踢得很好。很久前他常踢足球。

c. quite，fairly，rather：

quite，fairly常与含褒义的形容词连用；而rather则相反，常与含贬义的（unpleasant）形容词连用。前者表示“相当”，而后者表示“太……”。试比较以下句子：

The book is quite easy. We can all read it.   这本书相当容易，我们都能看懂。

The book is rather easy. We have no interest in it.   这本书太容易了。我们不感兴趣。

d. almost与nearly之区别：

这两个词基本同义。作“将近”解。如：


但almost可和no，none，nothing，never连用，而nearly不能。如：

Almost no one agreed with him.   几乎没有人同意他的意见。

I had almost nothing for breakfast.   他早饭几乎没有吃。

但not nearly作“远不如”解：没有not almost之说法。如：

An hour is not nearly enough to finish this test.   做完这个测验，一小时是远不够的。

4.几组易混淆的副词：

high，highly；wide，widely；deep，deeply；close，closely；direct，directly；

一般来说以-ly结尾的这类副词含有较抽象的意义，而无-ly的这类副词含有较具体的意义，表示“高高地；大大地；深深地”等。

试比较。

（1）The boy jumped high.   那男孩跳得高高地。

The teacher highly praised the boy.   老师高度赞扬了那个男孩。

（2）He was so surprised that he opened his eyes wide.   他是如此地惊讶，以致把眼睛睁得大大地。

Computers are widely used nowadays.   如今电脑被广泛使用。

（3）He jumped deep into the sea.   他跳入深海中。

He was deeply moved by the film.他被那部电影深深地打动了。

又如：hard，hardly；most，mostly；pretty；prettily这类词意义不同。试比较以下句子：

（1）He studies hard.他学习努力。（努力地）

He hardly said anything about it.   他几乎没讲有关那件事。（几乎不）

（2）He was most learned.   他很有学问。（most=very）

They are mostly teachers.   他们大多数是老师。（mostly=most of them大多数地）

5.疑问副词：

疑问副词有：how，when，why，where，它们用于构成特殊疑问句。

6.关系副词：

关系副词有where，when，how，why，that，as.可用来作定语从句或名词性从句的引导词。详见定语从句和名词性从句。

7.连接副词：

连接副词有：besides，however，therefore，thus，further，otherwise等。它们用来表示句子与句子之间的逻辑关系。在句子中它们的位置比较自由，可以作插入语。如：

He was absent that day；therefore he knew nothing about it.

He was absent that day；he，therefore，knew nothing about it.

那天他不在，所以对那件事他一点也不知道。

有些连接副词如：besides，in addition，furthermore，more-over，again，what's worse等，表示递进关系。如：

A fire burnt his house. What's worse，he lost his job.   一场大火烧了他的房子，更糟的是，他失业了。

有些连接副词，如：however，though，on the contrary，on the other hand，after all等，表示让步、转折关系。如：

He is a close friend of our family；however，I don't know his name。   他是我家的一个亲近的朋友，但我不知道他的全名。

有些连接副词，如therefore，thus，hence，as a result等，表示因果关系。如：

There was a traffic-jam，thus we were late.   交通堵塞了，所以我们迟到了。

8.副词比较级：

（1）原级比较：as…as

He runs as quickly as anyone else in his class.   他和班上的任何一个人跑得一样快。

（2）比较级：

He runs faster than any other student in his class.   他比班上的任何一个同学跑得快。

He usually gets up earlier than anyone else in his dormitory.   他通常比他同寝室人早起。

以形容词加-ly构成的副词，一般用more…than：如：   He runs more slowly than I.   他比我跑得慢。

（3）最高级：

He speaks English（the）most fluently in his class.   他是班上英语讲得最流利的。

副词最高级可省略冠词the，又如：

He runs fastest of all the runners here.   这里的跑步运动员中，他跑得最快。

错误辨析

（1）这卫生间太小了。我们连一个洗脸盆也不能装。

误：The bathroom is fairly small. We can't even fix a wash-basin in it.

正：The bathroom is rather small. We can't even fix a wash-basin in it.

析：fairly有肯定的意义，而rather有否定的意义。

（2）他近来干得很好。

误：He has been doing well later.   正：He has been doing well lately.

析：lately作“最近”解，而later指：过去的“一段时间以后”。

（3）他吃早饭比任何其他人吃得慢。

误：He ate his breakfast slowlier than anyone else.

正：He ate his breakfast more slowly than anyone else.

析：以形容词加-ly构成的副词一般用more…than。

（4）这里的学生大多数是中国人。

误：The students here are most Chinese.   正：The students here are mostly Chinese.

析：mostly作“大多数”解。

（5）别紧张。一切都会好的。

误：Take it easily. Everything will be OK.   正：Take it easy. Everything will be OK.

析：Take it easy是固定搭配。

（6）他很少讲话，所以很少有人知道他。

误：He seldom talks；no one，so，knows him well。

正：He seldom talks；no one，therefore，knows him well.

析：so是并列连词，只能连接两句句子，如：He seldom talks，so no one knows him well.

（7）他过去从未去过那里。

误：He has never been there ago.   正：He has never been there before.

析：before用于不明确的“以前”，ago用于从现在往前推的“一段时间前”。

（8）我非常同意你的意见。

误：I fairly agree with you.   正：I quite agree with you.   析：quite可修饰动词，而fairly不能。

（9）—他多久后才会到？—三天后。

误：—How long will he arrive？—In three days.   正：—How soon will he arrive？—In three days.

析：How soon…作“多久后……”解；而How long作“多久”解。

（10）这是他曾经住过的地方。

误：This is the place which he once lived.   正：This is the place where he once lived.

析：where是关系副词；而which是关系代词。

dadadada 2005-09-04 11:30
数词用来表示多少和先后顺序的。它可分为基数词和序数词，基数词表示多少；序数词表示顺序。如：

I have two books.   我有2本书。

Take a second turning on your left.   在第二个街口往左拐。

基数词的读法和写法，不必累述。就学生容易犯的错误讨论一下。如：

hundred，thousand，million，billion，dozen，score等前面有了数字，这些词后不能加“s”。如：

five hundred students   500个学生

但如果这些词后接of短语，那么这些词后都要加s。如：thousands of people   数以千计的人

1.基数词在句子中的作用：

（1）作主语：

Nine is a lucky number in my family.   9是我家幸运的数字。

Four of us went to visit the museum.   我们中的有4人去参观了博物馆。（许多人中的4人）

c.f. The four of us went to visit the museum.   我们4人去参观了博物馆。（就我们4人）

（2）作表语：

Two plus two is four.   2加2等于4。

All of my students are fifteen.   我的学生都15岁了。

（3）作宾语：

The coat cost me 250 yuan.   这件大衣花了我250元。

I spent 250 yuan on the coat.   我花了250元买大衣。

（4）作定语：

23 students in my class entered for the listening contest.   我班23位学生报名参加了听力竞赛。

He has seen that film three times，yet he still wants to see it.   他已看这部电影3遍了，但他还想看。

（5）作同位语：

What are you three talking about？   你们3人在讨论什么？

We six are close even after graduation.   我们6人毕业后关系还甚亲密。

2.序数词在句中的作用：

在序数词前一般用定冠词。

（1）作主语：

The first of January is New Year's Day.   1月1日是元旦。

（2）作表语：

Every day，she is the first to come，and the last to leave.   每天她总是第一个来、末了一个离开。

（3）作宾语：

He was one of the first to join the Youth League.   他是第一批入团中的一个。

I like neither of the skirts. Would you please show me a third？

这两条短裙我都不喜欢，请你再拿一条给我看看。

这里用a third表示两者后的另外一个。

（4）作定语：

I want the third one from the left.   我要左起第三个。

（5）作同位语：

Who is the fatty，the first in the front row？   第一排第一个胖墩是谁？

（6）作状语：

Though he came third，he was happy.   虽然他得了第三名，他很高兴。

一般在第几名前不用定冠词。得第一名come top。得第二名come second。

3.倍数问题：

（1）表示倍数的基本句型有：

基数词＋times＋as（是2倍，大1倍用twice＋as）


The living room is three times as big as the bedroom.   起居室是卧室的3倍。

He runs twice as fast as I.   他跑的速度是我的2倍。

The giant ate three times as much food as I did.   那巨人吃的食物的量是我的3倍。

He read twice as many stories as I did during the holiday.   在假期里他看的书是我的2倍。

基数词＋times＋（是2倍，大1倍用twice）


The new street is three times wider than the old one.   新的街道比旧的宽3倍。

The new car runs twice faster than the old one.   新的汽车比旧的速度快2倍。

基数词＋times＋the＋表示大小或数量的名词（如，size，length，width，height等等）＋of…

The new theatre is four times the size of the former one.   新的剧院是旧的剧院的4倍大。

The TV tower is four times the height of the old one.   那电视塔的高度是旧的电视塔的4倍。

（2）double作形容词或动词可用以表示2倍。如：

My income is double what it was ten years ago.   我的工资比10年前增加了1倍。

The factory has doubled its products in the past few years.   那工厂在过去的几年里的产品增加了1倍。

（3）分数用于倍数：

This radio is only half the prize of that one.   这台收音机只有那台收音机价钱的一半。

Though he does one third as much work as I do，I get one fourth as much money as he does.虽然他干的工作只是我的三分之一，但我挣的钱是他的四分之一。

（4）百分数用于倍数：

There are 50 per cent more students in our school than there were three years ago.   我校的学生比3年前增加了50%。

4.分数的读法和写法：

分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1，分母用复数形式：

分 数
读法和写法


one third


two thirds


one-fourth=a quarter


three-fourths=three quarters


a half


five and two-thirds


5.小数的读法：

小数点前的数照普通读法一样。小数点后的数单个的一一读出。

小数点读作point。

小数
读法

1.3
one point three

11.34
eleven point three four

0.5
naught point five（英）=zero point five（美）


6.百分数的读法：

百分号读作：percent

50% 读作fifty percent

我校百分之九十的学生住在校园里。   Ninty per ce nt of the students in our school live on campus.

7.日期的读法和写法：

（a）

年
读法
写 法

公元前245
two hundred and forty-five BC
245 BC

公元240
two hundred and forty AD
240 AD/AD 240

1998
nineteen-ninty-eight
1998

1700
seventeen hundred
1700

1708

1708

2000
the year two thousand
2000

20世纪90年代
nineteen ninties
1990's


（b）日期：

日读时用序数词，写的时候用序数词的简略形式（如1st，2nd，3rd，4th…）。简略形式可省略，如：

日 期 读 作
写作：

7月9日 July the nineth

2月23日 February the twenty-third
July 9th／July 9／9（th）July

February 23（rd）／23（rd）February




错误辨析

（1）她刚过了12岁生日。

误：She has just spent her twelveth birthday.   正：She has just spent her twelfth birthday.

析：注意有些数词的序数词的变化。

（2）我们将学第一课。

误：We are going to learn the Lesson One.

正：We are going to learn Lesson One／the First Lesson.

析：用作编号应是名词＋基数词或the＋序数词十名词。

类似的有：World War Two/the Second World War。

（3）大厅能容纳4 000人。

误：The hall can seat four thousands people.   正：The hall can seat four thousand people.

析：hundred，thousand…前有数词，这些词不要复数。

（4）数以千计的学生去观看了比赛。

误：Thousand of students went to watch the match.

正：Thousands of students went to watch the match.

析：hundred，thousand…后接of＋名词复数。这些词要用复数形式。

（5）虽然他已是80岁的人了，他每天还骑自行车。

误：He rides his bike everyday though he is in his eighty.

正：He rides his bike every day though he is in his eighties.

析：in＋one's＋teens，twenties，thirties…等整十的复数

表示“在××10多岁／20多岁／30多岁……时”。

（6）老师要我们写一篇200个词的文章。

误：The teacher asked us to write a two-hundred-words composition.

正：The teacher asked us to write a two-hundred-word composition.

析：two-hundred-word由连词号连起来，作复合形容词。

名词中心词不用复数。又如：a four-day holiday，a six-foot tall man等。

（7）那个国家在70年代还不很先进。

误：That country is not so advanced in seventies.

正：That country is not so advanced in the seventies.

析：表示“几十年代”用基数词的整十的复数，而且前面还要加the。

（8）

误：2nd July is second July.   正：2nd July is the second of July.

析：2nd July的读法和写法应该是“the＋序数词＋of＋月份”。

（9）

误：July 2nd is the July the second.   正：July 2nd is July the second.

析：July 2nd的读法和写法应该是“月份＋the＋序数词”。

（10）我们3人都是学英语的学生。

误：Three of us are the students of English.   正：The three of us are the students of English.

析：three of us解释为“我们中的3人”，而the three of us作“我们3人”解。

dadadada 2005-09-04 11:30
考点说明

1．情态动词表示推测现在、过去和将来。

2．情态动词的否定用法和否定意义，表现在对话的简略答语中和反意问句中。

3．“should／need+现在完成”时的意思及用法，即could／might是过去时形式，但表示现在时的含义。

4．情态动词的时态变化及其无时态差别的用法。

5．情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法。

点内热点

知识点综述

1．can，could，be able to表示“能力”。

(1)can／could表示“能力”，can表示现在或将来的“能力”，could表示过去的“能力”。

例如：She can swim．

He could swim when he was young．

(2)be able to有人称和时态变化，可以表示现在和过去的“能力”，也可表示将来的“能力”，结构为：will be able to。

例如：When the fog lifts，we will be able to see where we are.

注意：一般说来，can／could表示“主观方面的能力”或总的习惯性的“能力”，be able to 表示“客观方面的能力”或“特定的某一(种)能力”。

例如：He said he could swim across the lake．

2．can／could表示“允许”、“许可”。

(1)can用于表现在或将来，could用于表过去，主要用在间接引语中。

例如：You can use my bike now／tomorrow．

He said that I could park here.

(2)could可以表示客气的询问是否“允许”，此时无过去时的含义。回答时用can／can't，不用could／couldn't。

例如：—Could I smoke here?

—Yes，you can. (No，you can't.)

3．may／might表示“可能”，may比might的可能性大。

例如：—Why isn't John in class?

—He may be sick．(生病的可能性较大)

—He might be sick．(生病的可能性较小)

4．may／might表示“允许”。

(1)may／might表示“允许”，may用于现在时或将来时，might常用在间接引语中，表示过去时。

例如：He says we may leave．

He said we might leave．

(2)may和might用于疑问句中，都可以用来询问是否“允许”，但might比may更客气，意思更不肯定，无过去时态的含义。

例如：—May／Might I use your eraser?

—Yes，you can／may．

—No，you mustn't．(不能说：No，you can't.)

5．must表示命令或建议，无时态形式的变化。

例如：She said they must do as they were told．

6．must表示推测。

(1)must表示对目前发生的动作作肯定推测，结构为：must+do sth.；表示对过去发生的动作作肯定推测，结构为：must+have+p.p．。

例如：The light is still on，he must be in the office．

I was told his mother was ill，so he must have gone to the hospital．

(2)作否定推测时，不能用mustn't，要用can't或couldn't。

例如：He can't finish his work because he doesn't come here．

7．must，have to的区别。

(1)must表示说话人主观认为“必须”做某事，have to表示由于某种外界(客观)原因而“必须”、“不得不”做某事，must表一件重要的或紧要的事“必须”做，have to表经常的或习惯的事“必须”做。

例如：You must clean your own boots．

You will have to clean your own boots when you join the army．

I must be at the station at ten. My mother's train will arrive．

I have to be at my office every day．

(2)must的时态为现在和过去，而have to有各种形式。

must可表示推测，而have to不可表示推测；must的否定用法依句情而定，而 have to的否定式只能借助于助动词do／did构成。

例如：You mustn't tell him the news．

You don't have to tell him the news．

8．should和ought to的区别。

(1)should和oughtto用于肯定句中作“应该”解，都表示现在的“义务、责任”，只是前者比后者语气轻。

例如；You should／ought to study hard．

(2)用于问句中表示提出或征求建议或提出劝告。

例如：Should I open the door?

9．need和dare的比较。

(1)need为情态动词，无人称和时态的变化，后接动词原形，need为实意动词时，有人称和时态的变化，后接带to的不定式。

例如：I don't suppose he need wear a coat．

It needs to be done carefully．

(2)dare用作情态动词，无人称变化，只有过去式变化(dared)；用作实意动词有人称和时态的变化，后接带to的不定式。

例如：I'm surprised that he dares to speak to his father like that．

10．shall，will和would的比较。

(1)shall用于疑问句中主语为第一、三人称时，表示征求建议或询问。用于陈述肯定句中，主语为第二、三人称时，表示“许诺”，“威胁”和“强烈的意志”。

(2)will用于疑问句中，主语常为第二人称时，表示“邀请”、“建议”或“请求”。用于陈述句中，主语为各人称，表示“意志”、“命令”，在否定句中表示“拒绝”。

例如：Will／Would you have a drink?

He won't listen to me．

11．“may／might+现在完成时”，表示推测，意为“也许”，“可能”。may比might的可能性大，主句中的谓语动词为过去时，从句谓语动词只能用might，此时与may可能性大小相同，只是时态上的差别。

例如：I can't find my sunglasses．I may／might have left them at the restaurant．

注意：“might+现在完成时”表示对并未发生的动作加以猜测，这种句子类似条件句。

例如：Perhaps we should have taken the other road．It might have been quicker．(＝If we had taken the other road，we might have arrived earlier．)(虚拟语气现象)

12．“should／ought to+have done sth．”表示应该发生或完成而实际上并未发生或完成，意为“本应该……”。

例如：The flowers died．You should／ought to have watered them．

13．“needn't+完成时”表示过去某动作已经发生，但无须发生，意为“本不必……”。

例如：It's not very far，so we needn't have taken a taxi．

14．“would+现在完成”主要用于条件句中(虚拟语气)。

例如：If you have come earlier，you would have seen her．

15．“情态动词+be+v.-ing”形式：此结构表示推测某动作现在是否正在进行。

例如：She may be washing her clothes．她可能正在洗衣服。

He must be studying in the library．他一定正在图书馆里学习。

They shouldn't be watching TV now．他们不该在看电视。

范例分析

【例1】You________ return the book now．You can keep it till next week if you like．

A. can't   B. musn't   C.needn't   D. may not

分析 needn't表示说话人的劝告即主观上认为没有必要，这与题干中的“if you like”含义一致。don't have to“没有必要”表示客观上或习惯上。mustn't意为“禁止做……”，“不许……”，与句意不符。may not意为“不得……”(＝must not)。选C。

【例2】You _______ have the book as soon as I finished．

A. will   B. shall   C. must   D. might

分析 shall在陈述句中，主语为第二、三人称，表示说话人的“许诺”。其他情态动词无此意思。选B。

【例3】—Could he have been arrested by the police?

—Yes，he_______.

A. might   B. might have   C. might have been   D. could

分析 在回答“情态动词+完成时态”的句子时，答语里要在情态动词后加have，如果是被动语态，答语里还要保留been动词。即当问句中谓动里有多个助动词，若各助动词的语法功能各不相同时，在简略答语中保留所有功能不同的助动词。选C。

【例4】The boy must be in the classroom，_______he?

A. mustn't   B. doesn't   C. hasn't   D. isn't

分析 must作为表推测的用法时，反意问句的构成取决于must后动词不定式的构成和句中的时间状语，选D．

【例5】I thought that smoking in the forest_______ a fire．

A. might lead to   B. might have led to

C. may lead to   D. may have led to

分析 由thought过去时态知，从句中的情态动词也应用过去时态形式，故排除C项和D项。might在此表推测，语气上与may相同，是may的过去式，“在森林中吸烟可能引起火灾”无时间上的差别，表示一般时间概念上的一种可能性，故排除B项，因为B项表示对过去情况的推测。选A。

【例6】With not all the work finished，he_______the party last night．

A. needn't have gone to   B. wouldn't have gone

C. shouldn't have gone to   D. couldn't have gone to

分析 “needn't have gone to"表示“本不必……”；“wouldn't have gone to”只用于表示与过去客观事实相反的虚拟语气句；“couldn't have gone to”表推测，意为“肯定没……”；“shouldn't have gone to”意为“本不该做……而做了”。依据题意知C项最切近题意。选C。

热点题展示

1. He is wet to the skin. He ________ in the rain.

A. must have caught   B. must have been caught

C. must catch       D. must be caught

2. Don't be worried. The news ________ be true.

A. does not   B. mustn't   C. can't   D. shall not

3. Mother ________ us stories when we were young.

A. was used to tell   B. is used to telling

C. used to tell   D. used to telling

4. I wonder why it's so dark. There ________ be a heavy rain coming.

A. shall   B. may   C. can   D. would

5. The meeting has already begun. You ________ minutes ago.

A. should come   B. ought to come   C. must have come   D. ought to have come

6. Two men want to see you. Where ________ they wait, outside or here?

A. shall   B. will   C. do   D. would

7. —Could I borrow your bike?

—Yes, of course you________.

A. can   B. should   C. will   D. might

8. —________ I go at once?

—No. I don't think you________.

A. Must, have to   B. Must, ought to   C. Can, must   D. May, ought to

9. There are so many people in the street that I ________ get through.

A. couldn't   B. needn't   C. shouldn't   D. can't

10. —________ you jump down from the top of the wall?

—No, I ________ do it. It's too high.

A. Could, can't   B. Shall, wouldn't   C. Dare, daren't   D. Will, wouldn't

11. He worked hard but ________ pass the exams.

A. would   B. can't   C. was able   to D. couldn't

12. —We expected you yesterday.

—I'm sorry I ________ you to say that I ________ here until today.

A. should have called, couldn't be   B. must have called,can't be

C. would be calling, wouldn't be     D. could have been called, mightn't be

13. —Do you think it will rain?

—I don't know. It________.

A. will   B. might   C. ought to   D. can

14. The classroom is empty. I think they ________ to the library, haven't they?

A. should have gone   B. ought have gone   C. must have gone   D. must go

15. She doesn't answer the phone. She ________ be asleep.

A. should.   B. must   C. might   D. ought to

考题精解

【例1】I didn't hear the phone. I_______asleep．

A. must be   B. must have been   C. should be   D. should have been

分析 must be表示对现在情况的推测，should be表示对现在情况的判断，均与“didn't”过去情况矛盾，故排除A、C项。must have been表示对过去情况的推测，意为“那时，肯定／一定……”。should have been意为“本应该……而没有”，按此意理解，应表述“我听到了电话”，显然与原题矛盾，故排除D项。选B。

【例2】A computer _______ think for itself，it must be told what to do．

A. can't   B. couldn't   C. may not   D. might not

分析 can't表示“能力”，指主语现在具有的能力，而couldn't表示“能力”，指主语过去具有的能力。当说明某物本身所具有某种性质时，只能用一般现在时态来表达，显然B项与之时态概念不符，排除。may not和might not无“能力”的意思，排除。can't和couldn't也可表示推测，是must表示推测的否定结构和过去时态用法。从后一句话知，此题不具有表推测的意思，故这种解题的思考方式错。选A。

【例3】—Could I borrow your dictionary?

—Yes，Of course you________.

A. might   B. will   C. can   D.should

分析 could表示更为委婉地提出请求，表示现在时态的概念，可以用can，may，might代替。回答这一类问句时，情态动词只能用can或may(may较正式，不常用)，不能用could或might。will表示“意愿”，should表示“应该”与题意不符。选C。

【例4】Tom ought not to ________ me your secret，but he meant no harm．

A. have told   B. tell   C. be telling   D. having told

分析 本题既考查了情态动词的用法，又考查了动词的时态。ought to中的“to”是不定式符号，后要接动词原形，故排除D项。but分句中的“meant no harm”明确显示了Tom已把“your secret”告诉了me且含有“不该这样做”的意思。显然应接完成式形式。故选A项。

【例5】—What's all that noise upstairs? It sounds like a herd of sheep．

—The children ________ some kind of game．

A. may play   B. must play   C. may be playing   D. must be playing

分析 此题考查may和must后接动词原形和动词进行式表示推测的语言现象。解题时抓住题干中的“upstairs(地点)”sounds(时间)”，“a herd(群)of sheep(玩的内容)”这些关键性词组，即可知描述的是对“此情此景”作出的判断，即用“情态动词+be+v-ing”形式。选C。

【例6】—Will you stay for lunch?

—Sorry,________.Brother is coming to see me．(全国·1999)

A. I mustn't   B. I can't   C. I needn't   D. I won't

分析 解题的关键是答语中的后一句话。它说明了不能留下来吃饭的原因。而A项意为“禁止”，“不允许”，C项意为“不必”；D项意为“不愿”。均与题意不符。选B。

【例7】—When can I come for the phones? I need them tomorrow afternoon．

—They________be ready by 12：00．(全国·1998)

A. can   B. should   C. might   D. need

分析 此题考查情态动词表推测的用法。先排除A项，因为can在表推测的用法中只用于否定句和疑问句中；D项need不表示推测，故也排除；C项 might表示推测意为“可能”，“也许”，语气很弱，与题意不符。选B。

【例8】The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone________get out．(全国·1997)

A. had to   B. would   C. was able to   D. could

分析 A项和B项显然与题意不符。could是can的过去式，表示主语的主观能力。could也可指主语过去所具有的暂时性能力，显然与题意不符。be able to表示客观能力所为，而由宾馆的特殊设施所决定，这是客观能力。选C。

基础巩固训练

16. The tiger ________ hibernate in winter.

A. don't need   B. doesn't need to   C. needs not to   D. need not

17. —You ought to have come earlier.

—Yes, I ________. But the traffic was heavy.

A. ought to   B. should   C. must have   D. should have

18. If you smoke in bed, it ________ be dangerous.

A. might   B. can   C. has to   D. ought to

19. I tried to stop him from smoking, but he just ________listen.

A. won't   B. wouldn't   C. may not   D. might not

20. —________ I carry the box for you?

—No, thanks. I can manage it.

A. Will   B. May   C. Shall   D. Should

21. —John must have lost his way, for he hasn't arrived yet.

—No, he_______ his way. He has got a map with him.

A. must not have lost   B. shouldn't have lost

C. can't have lost     D. can't be lost

22. You_______ walk for miles through the forest without meeting anyone.

A. may   B. must   C. need   D. should

23. —Need I start now?

—Yes, you_______.

A. need   B. must   C. do   D. can

24. He_______ his parents that he has failed in the exam.

A. dares not tell   B. dares not telling

C. dare not tell   D. dares not to tell

25. It's time for class. You _______ leave now.

A. won't   B. shan't   C. will   D. shall

26. After her husband's death, the old lady _______sit by the window sadly.

A. would   B. could   C. was used to   D. might

27. —Shall I go home now?

—No, you_______. Your work hasn't been finished.

A. needn't   B. mustn't   C. won't   D. wouldn't

28. —This job ought to have been finished hours ago.

—Sorry, I know it_______.

A. should have done     B. must have been

C. ought to be finished   D. should have been

29. The boy stood there without _______ a word.

A. dare to say   B. daring to say   C. dared to say   D. dare say

30. —What has happened to us?

—I don't know. We _______ lost.

A. could got   B. might got   C. can have got   D. may have got

能力迁移训练

31. —I stayed at a hotel while in New York.

—Oh, did you? You _______ with Barbara. (全国·1998)

A. could have stayed   B. could stay   C. would stay   D. must have stayed

32. This room needs painting. _______ paint it for you?

A. Will I   B. Should I   C. Must I   D. Shall I

33. —Was it the new teacher who walked by?

A. It must be   B. It must have been   C. He must be   D. This must have been

34. Sir, you _______ be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.

A. oughtn't to   B. can't   C. won't   D. needn't

35. You _______ return the book now. You _______ keep till next week if you like.

A. needn't,can   B. mustn't,may   C. can't,can   D. may not,must

36. I got up early this morning, but I _______ so because I _______ work on Sundays.

A. mustn't have done, mustn't   B. needn't have done, needn't

C. didn't need to do, didn't   D. can't have done, can't

37. You must have studied English for many years, _______ you?

A. mustn't   B. didn't   C. aren't   D. haven't

38. —How do you like the food there?

—Oh, very good! We _______ a better hotel.

A. can't find   B. won't find   C. mustn't have found   D. couldn't have found

39. There _______ no trouble in finishing the work on time.

A. ought to have   B. should to be   C. mustn't be   D. ought to be

40. Last night, he hurt his foot, but at last he _______ get home safely.

A. could   B. need   C. was able to   D. dare

41. You _______ read the paper if you don't want to.

A. haven't   B. can't   C. mustn't   D. needn't

42. —May I sit here?

—_______.

A. No, you mustn't   B. No, you may not   C. No, you dare not   D. No, you needn't

43. There used to be a tower on that hill,_______?

A. didn't there   B. usedn't it   C. used there   D. didn't it

44. She _______ run very fast when she was young.

A. must   B. can't   C. must be able to   D. must have been able to

45. They left yesterday. They _______there by now.

A. need arrive     B. should arrive

C. can have arrived   D. need have arrived

46. —Did you blame Jim for his mistake?

—Yes, but I _______ it.

A. shouldn't have done   B. shouldn't do

C. should have done     D. should do

47. It's nearly seven o'cloek. Jack _______ be here at any moment. (全国·1995)

A. must   B. need   C. should   D. can

48. Janny _______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind. (全国·1991)

A. must   B. should   C. need   D. would

49. Susan _______ written a report like this. (上海市·1995)

A. can have   B. mustn't have   C. can't have   D. ought to not have

50. We _______ last night, but we went to the concert instead. (全国·1992)

A. must have studied   B. might study

C. should have studied   D. would study

参考答案

1—5 B C C B D     6—10 A A A A C   11—15 D A B C B   16—20 D A B B B

21—25 C A B C A   26—30 A B D B D   31—35 A C B A A   36—40 B D A D C

41—45 D A A D B   46—50 A C B C C

dadadada 2005-09-04 11:31
考点说明

1．掌握介词的确切含义与用法，特别是汉语意义相同或相近的介词的用法区别以及同一介词的不同用法。

2．介词与名词的习惯搭配。

3．介词与动词以及与形容词的习惯搭配。

点内热点

知识点综述

1．要区分介词to和不定式小品词to。在短语中作介词的并不很多，常用的有：

admit to，belong to，get／become used to，stick to，lead to，pay attention to，look forward to，due to，thanks to，refer to，devote...to等。

(1)That old stone house belongs to my uncle．

(2)I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon．

2．介词和形容词一起构成形容词词组。在这里，我们举例说明某些形容词与不同介词搭配所表示的不同意义。试比较下列例句：

(1)I was angry at John's remark．

I was angry with John．

(2)He is well-known／famous for his driving skills．

He is well-known／famous as a racing car driver.

(3)Nancy got mad about a movie actor．

Nancy got mad at／with her husband.

(4)They are subjects that are familiar to you．

They are subjects that you are familiar with．

(5)He had a quarrel with his wife about their child's behaviour in school．

(6)I apologized to him for my being late for the meeting again.

(7)He is strict with me and always tells me to be strict in my study．

3．介词与名词，动词和形容词往往有一些很固定的搭配，这一点必须在平常的学习中去积累。例如：

(1)+to：attention，answer，key，solution，note，monument，visit，en-trance，introduction，apology...+in：interest，pride，satisfaction，expert...

(2)+on：depend，rely，live，feed，base，insist，operate，call...+for：look，search，ask，wait，answer，care，pay，prepare，stand，hope，wish，long...+from：learn，hear，protect，keep，stop，save，suffer...+with：agree，quarrel，begin，start，end(up)，fill，do，deal...

(3)+at；good，bad，quick，slow，angry，surprised...+in：interested，rich，strict，poor，weak...+of：afraid，fond，certain，sure，proud，tired，worthy... +to：good，kind，friend，cruel，rude，polite，known，close...+for：good，anxious，eager，fit，unfit，famous，sorry...+with：angry，strict，busy，popular...

4．介词on，in，under，above，beyond，for，past等加名词可以表示被动意义。

例如：on sale，on display，under arms(be armed)，under discussion，in sight，in question，in good repair，for rent，beyond cure，above suspicion等。

5．一个介词往往有很多种不同的含义和用法。例如：about表示“在……各处”、“向……各处”、“在……周围”、“在……附近”、“在……身边”等空间位置；又引申表示“大约”、“即将”、“关于”、“从事于”等意思。above的原意是“在……上面”，表示地理位置，后又引申表示(地位)“在……之上”，(水平、数量，质量、价值等)“超过……”，此外，还含有(因为太好，以致)“不可能……”、(行为，意思)“不屑于……”、“不至于……”等意思。

6．在表示乘坐某种交通工具时，介词的用法需要加以区分：

(1)by常可用来泛指所采用的交通手段，这时by后面的名词都不带定冠词。

例如：Did you come by train or by car?

(2)一般用by表示交通手段，如by bus，by boat等，但有些交通手段却用on表示。例如：on foot，on horseback，on bicycle。

(3)表示交通手段时既可以说by bus／boat／plane，也可以说on the bus／theboat／a plane，这时介词宾语须带冠词。例如：

Do you travel to school by bus(on the bus)?

(4)on the bus／the boat／a plane不但可以表示交通手段，也可以表示位置。

在表示位置的情况时，on不能与by替用。例如下面句中的on the ship不能改成by the ship。例如；

There were a lot of passengers on the ship．

(5)在下面的句子里，on之后虽然有定冠词，我们却可以用by来替代它。就是说，要说明交通工具的具体出发或到达时间时，on，by都可以用。例如：

I shall go on／by the 10：30 train．

7．表示书写的方式用in，如in pencil，in ink，with表示书写时用的工具，如with a pencil，with a pen。工具是具体的东西，因此应加冠词。但讲“用钢笔与墨水”时，只能说“with pen and ink”，不能说“with a pen and ink”。例如：

Write your composition in every other line with pen and ink，but not with a pencil．

范例分析

【例1】The doctor will be free_________.(全国·1992)

A. 10 minutes later   B. after 10 minutes

C. in 10 minutes   D. 10 minutes after

分析 介词in后接时间段，表示“从现在算起过多久或在多长时间之内”，通常和将来时态连用。而“10 minutes later”，“after 10 minutes”和“10 minutes after”都表示“在过去某事发生之后十分钟”，常用于过去时态。故答案是C。

【例2】—How long has this bookshop been in business?(全国·1994)

—__________1982．

A. After   B. In   C. From   D. Since

分析 “after 1982”表示“1982年以后”；“in 1982”表示“在1982年”；“since 1982”表示“自从1982年起(直到现在)”；from常与to和until连用。故答案是D。

【例3】—The boy is tall enough________ his age．

—Yes，I was much_______ when I was his age．

A. for，taller   B. at，taller   C. at，shorter   D. for，shorter

分析 “在多大年龄”用英语表示即是“at the age of…”，但是，本题的意思是“这个男孩相对于他的年龄来说个子够高了。”“是的，我在他那个年纪就矮多了。”而for可以表示“相对于……来说”，例如：Not bad for a beginner!对于一个初学者而言，已经不错了。又如：It's quite warm for January．就一月而言，天气相当暖和了。故答案是D。

热点题展示

1．The wall was built along the river________flood．

A. in case   B. in the case of   C. in case of   D. in the case

答案为C，in case以防……，万一……，后接状语从句；in case of 在……情况下，以防……；in the case of就……来说，关于；in any case无论如何，总之；in no cese决不，放在句首常引起倒装；in that case如果是那样的话。

2．His best known work that is _______ all praise can be seen in this museum．

A. with   B. beyond   C. without   D. within

答案为B。beyond是一个用法很多的介词。beyond all praise让人赞扬不尽。

相似的用法有：That question is beyond me. =It's beyond my understanding．

那个问题我理解不了。The rumour is beyond belief．这谣言不可信。

考题精解

【例1】The suit fitted him well________the colour was a little brighter．(上海市．2000)

A. except for   B. except that   C. except when   D. besides

分析 except表示“除了……，除开……”；besides表示“除了……之外，还有……”；except for表示“除了某一细节或局部情况之外”，后接名词或代词；except that表示“除了某一情况之外”，后接从句；except when表示“除了什么时候之外”，后接从句。故答案是B。

【例2】The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1,200. This means it has risen________ 20 percents. (上海市·1999)

A. by   B. at   C. to   D. with

分析 by表示增减、升降的幅度，即“增减了多少”；to表示增减、升降的最终结果，即“增加或减少到多少”。故答案是A。

考点训练

基础巩固训练

1. We offered him our congratulations _______ his passing the college entrance ex-   ams. (全国·1993)

A. at   B. on   C. for   D. of

2. Don't all speak at once! _______ , please.

A. Each at one time   B. One by one time

C. One for each time   D. One at a time

3. We were caught ________ a shower on our way home.

A. by   B. with   C. at   D. in

4. The old lady stood up trying to wipe the dust _______ her dress.

A. from   B. of   C. off   D. out of

5. We need fifteen more students ________ our class to do the job.

A. expect   B. except   C. besides   D. beside

6. This kind of plant can be made _______ paper and paper can also be made ________   wood.

A. of, of   B. from,from   C. from, into   D. into,from

7. How much do you pay _______ the ticket ________ tonight's play?

A. for, of   B. for, to   C. for,for   D. to, for

8. Finally the manager decided to look _______ the matter himself.

A. through   B. into   C. after   D. up

9. The cow was led down the path _______ nose.

A. in the   B. on the   C. by the   D. by its

10. The problem lies _______ the fact that we are short _______ hands.

A. to, of   B. in, of   C. in,by   D. on, by

11. _______ being far away from the city, the new building is wonderful.

A. Except for   B. Except   C. Besides   D. Because

12. _______ your kind help, we would not have finished our work so early.

A. But for   B. Thanks toC. Owing to   D. With

13. Your composition is well written _______ a few spelling mistakes.

A. besides   B. except   C. except for   D. including

14. Washington, a state in the United States, was named _______ one of the greatestAmerican presidents. (上海市·1999)

A. in honor of   B. instead of   C. in favour of   D. by means of

15. The train leaves at 6:00 p.m. So I have to be at the station ________5:40 p.m. at the latest. (全国·1997)

A. until   B. after   C. by   D. around

能力迁移训练

16. The home improvements have taken what little there is _______ my spare time.(全国·2001)

A. of   B. in   C. from   D. at

17. So far, several ships have been reported missing _______ the coast of Bermuda Is-land.

A. off   B. along   C. on   D. around

18. —Did your uncle fly to Paris directly?

—No, he travelled from Hong Kong _______ London.

A. through   B. by way of   C. across   D. on way of

19. _______ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.

A. As   B. For   C. With   D. Through

20. What's the difference _______ pronunciation _______ these two words?

A. of, in   B. in, between   C. at, among   D. from, between

21. The workers in this factory are paid ________.

A. at the hour   B. by the hour   C. for an hour   D. in an hour

22. The gentleman ________ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. (上海市春季·2000)

A. who   B. about whom   C. whom   D. with whom

23. I told him what I was surprised _______ his attitude towards his study. (上海市春季·2000)

A. is   B. was   C. at is   D. at was

24. These houses are sold at such a low price _______ people expected. (上海市·春季·2000)

A. like   B. as   C. that   D. which

25. His home is just _______ the street from the post office.

A. across   B. at   C. through   D. on

综合运用创新

26. The boss asked the young man to be brief and _______ as he had little time tospare.

A. at best   B. in place   C. to the point   D. under control

27. In order to continue to learn by ourselves when we have left school, we must_______ learn how to study in the school now.

A. in all   B. after all   C. above all   D. at all

28. The young man is not happy at all _______ his great wealth.

A. about   B. for   C. due to   D. on account of

29. He is _______ telling a lie, if it will serve his purpose.

A. far from   B. not above   C. next to   D. by accident

30. The house looks very pretty _______ the white snow.

A. because of   B. against   C. among   D. under

参考答案

1—5 B D D C C     6—10 D C B C B   11—15 A A C A C   16—20 A A B C B

21—25 B B D C A   26—30 C C B B B

dadadada 2005-09-04 11:32
考点说明

1．“就近原则”和“就远原则”。

2．特殊格式的主语的谓语动词形式。

点内热点

知识点综述

1．family，team，audience，class，club，committee，company，crowd，enemy，group，government，party，population等名词，如作为个体名词，强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，如作为集体名词，强调其中的成员，谓语动词用复数。

例如：My family is a happy one.

My family like sports．

The population of China is very large and eighty-five percent of the popu-lation are farmers．

2．people(人民，人们)，police，cattle等集体名词后的谓语动词用复数。

例如：The police are searching for the thief in the forest．

3．表示度量、距离、金额、时间的复数名词，可看做整体,谓语动词用单数。

例如：Three years has passed since Aqiao came here．

4．作并列主语的单数名词前有each，every，no修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。

例如：Each boy and each girl wants to work hard．

No teacher and no student likes the film．

5．作主语的单数名词前有more than one，many a等修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。

例如：Many a young man was sent to the mountainous areas．

More than one student has failed the exam．

但one and a half后跟名词复数，谓语动词仍用单数形式。

例如：One and a half bananas is left on the table．

6. a kind of，a pair of，a series of修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。

例如：A pair of shoes was on the bed．

注意：下面一组句子中，谓语形式不同。

This kind of men is dangerous．(中心词为kind)

Men of this kind are dangerous．(中心词为men)

7．用and或both...and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数。

例如：Walking and tiding are good exercises．

注意：并列主语如指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。

例如：Bread and butter is nice to eat．

Truth and honesty is the best policy．

A knife and fork is lying on the table．

To love and to be loved is the great happiness.

Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit．

The writer and poet is going to give us a talk on writing．

注：并列主语皆为可数名词，and后的名词前不加冠词。

8．如果主语后面带有as well as，as much as，no less than，along with，with，like，rather than，together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等引导的短语时，句中谓语动词的单复数取决于主语的单复数。

例如：The room with the furniture in it was rented yesterday．

The students as well as the teacher were moved by the film．

9．or，either...or...，neither...nor，not only...but also等连接的名词(代词)作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。

例如：Bob or his parents are waiting in the room．

Not only the nurses but also the doctor is very kind to the patient．

10．large amounts(quantities)of修饰不可数名词充当句中主语，谓语动词通常用复数。

例如：Large quantities of money have been spent on the bridge．

11．在“(the)part of”前通常不用不定冠词(极少数除外)，后面常接单数谓语。

例如：The most interesting part of the investigations(调查)was the discovery

and identification(识别)of the forged letters(伪造信件)．

12．“kind／type／form of+n.”结构后的谓语单复数形式由form，type，kind的单复数而定。

例如：Some new types of buses are now on show．

The kind of books is popular among the students．

13．“a great deal of+U／an amount of+U”结构后的谓语只用单数；“a large quantity of+U”后谓语用单数；“quantities of+C／U”后谓语用复数。

例如：Large quantities of water are needed．

The total amount of money is 1000 dollars．

14．“half／the rest of+n．”结构后的谓语形式视名词而定。

例如：Half of this building is to be completed by autumn.

Half of the buildings in our school are of red brick construction．

15．“the majority of+n.(复)”结构后的谓语用复数；the majority作主语，谓语既可用单数也可用复数。

例如：The majority of boys like football.

16．“a number of+n.(复)”结构后的谓语用复数；“the number of+n.(复)”结构后的谓语用单数。

例如：There are a number of books on the table and the number of them is morethan 50．

17．“all／some／most of+n．”和“few”，“both”，“few／both of+n.(复)”等后的谓语常用复数。

例如：Most of the apples were rotten．

Most of the apple was eaten by a cat．

Few of my friends were present at the party．

18．“the+adj.”表示一类人时，谓语用复数；表示事情时，谓语用单数。

19．主语从句、不定式、动名词作主语时谓语常用单数形式。

范例分析

【例1】The boy together with his two brothers________for Shanghai.

A. has left   B. have left   C. is left   D. are left

分析 该句主语是boy，together with his brothers是boy的修饰成分，故谓语动词用单数。C和D是被动语态与题意不符。选A。


【例2】It seems to me that five years________.

A. are so a short time   B. are such a short time

C. is so short a time   D. is such short a time

分析 英语中时间名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，D项应为such a short time。选C。

【例3】When and where to build the new factory________yet.(全国·1995)

A. is not decided   B. are not decided   C. has not decided   D. have not decided

分析 “疑问词+to do sth.”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，与不定式短语作主语，谓语动词也用单数形式相同。选A。

【例4】Not only I but also Jane and Mary________ tired of having one examina-tion after another.(全国·1991)

A. is   B. are   C. am   D. be

分析 Not only A but also B作主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近原则”。选B。

【例5】The number of people invited_____ fifty,but a number of them absent for different reasons．(全国·1996)

A. were; was   B. was；was   C. was；were   D. were; were

分析 此题考查名词number的两个用法。解答此题的关键在于掌握the number of作主语时，中心词为number，而a number of作主语时，中心词为of后面的复数名词或代词。故选C。

热点题展示

1．When and where to go________ to us．

A. are not known   B. don't know   C. doesn't know   D. is not known

2. Her class________ unable to agree on a monitor so far.

A. are   B. is   C. have been   D. has been

3. Many tons of coal ________ exploited in this area that year.

A. was   B. were   C. has been   D. have been

4. The number of students in my class __ forty-six, but a number of them___ boys.

A. was,were   B. were,was   C. was,was   D. were, were

5. Nothing but cars ________ in the shop.

A. is sold   B. are sold   C. were sold   D. are going to sell

6. The basketball team ________ 5 members.

A. has   B. have   C. are   D. is

7. The basketball team ________ baths now.

A. has   B. is having   C. are having   D. have

8. My father, together with some of his old friends, ________ there already.

A. has been   B. have been   C. had been   D. will be

9. The wounded ________ by the hospital.

A. have been taken in   B. has been taken in

C. have taken in     D. has taken in

10. The singer and dancer ________ our evening party.

A. is to attend   B. is to join   C. are to attend   D. are to join

11. Each man, woman and child in this community ________ now aware of the terribleresults of the habit of smoking.

A. is   B. are   C. was   D. were

12. It ________John and Mary that often ________ me with my English study.

A. is, helps   B. are, help   C. is, help   D. are, helps

13. The glass works ________ put up in 1990.

A. was   B. were   C. is   D. had been

14. Two thousand and fifty dollars ________ too unreasonable a price for the second-hand car.

A. is   B. are   C. seem   D. would be

15．David is one of those people who________ trouble in making up________.

A. have，his mind     B. has，his mind

C. have，their minds   D. has，their minds

考题精解

【例1】Mike and john's ________.

A. father is a teacher   B. fathers are teachers

C. father are teacher   D.fathers are teacher

分析 Mike和John是弟兄俩，他们的父亲是一位教师，用单数。选A。

【例2】Tom was the only one in his office ________ to the party．

A. who invited   B. inviting   C. that was invited   D. to invite

分析 invite是及物动词，故A、D错。“被邀请”，要用invited(过去分词形式)，故B错。选C。

【例3】The subject of physics ________ always interested him．

A. has   B. have   C. is   D. are

分析 从形式上看，interest当动词用，him作其宾语，又因为physics是一门学科，故选单数形式。选A。

【例4】The air in big cities ________ very dirty by factories．

A. are often made   B. is often made   C. have often made   D. has often made

分析 错选A、C是把主语当做cities一词和主动形式所致，air为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。选B。

考点训练

基础巩固训练

16．Everyone else，besides his father and mother，________ with joy at his victory.

A. was excited   B. was exciting   C. were excited   D. were excitedly

17. There ________ a knife and fork on the table.

A. seems to be   B. seem to be   C. is seeming to be   D. are

18. The United States of America ________ one of the most developed countries in the world.

A. is   B. are   C. was   D. were

19. Many a student ________ going to be examined in the hospital.

A. is   B. are   C. will   D. be

20. The population of the earth ________ increasing.

A. is   B. have   C. are   D. were

21. What they need at present ________ science and technology.

A. has   B. are   C. were   D. is

22. A great number of universities ________ set up in this country since 1970.

A. has been   B. have been   C. is   D. are

23. To learn English ________ important.

A. has   B. are   C. is   D. have

24. On each side of the streets ________ many street fights.

A. is standing   B. stands   C. stand   D. are standing

25. Reading books without fully understanding it ________ of no use.

A. is   B. are   C. have   D. has

26. Neither of them ________ to go there.

A. wish   B. want   C. look forward   D. wants

27. All that can be done________.

A. has been done   B. were done   C. has done   D. have done

28. One or two students ________ been to Beijing in this class.

A. was   B. were   C. have   D. has

29. Not only Mary but also Alice and Jim interested in Chinese.

A. is   B. are   C. am   D. have

30. ________ of the time ________ spent in studying English every day.

A. Three-five, are   B. Three-fifths, have been

C. Three-fifths, was   D. Three-fifths, is

能力迁移训练

31. Mathematics ________ the language of science.

A. are   B. is   C. are going to be   D. is going to be

32. Five times six ________ thirty.

A. makes   B. make   C. are   D. equals to

33. All but one ________ here just now. All he wanted to say ________ this.

A. was,was   B. were,was   C. was,were   D. were,were

34. No teacher and no student ________.

A. are admitted   B. is admitted   C. is admitting   D. are admitting

35. More than one person here ________ to that famous place of interest.

A. have been   B. have stayed   C. has been   D. is being

36. Either the shop assistants or the manager in the shop ________ kind to the cus-tomers.

A. will do   B. were   C. are   D. is

37. Every means ________ tried but without much result.

A. has been   B. have been   C. are   D. is

38. A library with ten thousand books and novels ________ to the nation as a gift.

A. are offered   B. have offered   C. has offered   D. is offered

39. Between the two rows of trees ________ the teaching building.

A. stand   B. stands   C. standing   D. are

40. Some person ________ calling for you at the gate.

A. are   B. is   C. is being   D. will be

参考答案

1—5 D C B A A     6—10 A C A A A   11—15 A C B A C   16—20 A A A A A

21—25 D B C C A   26—30 D A C B D   31—35 B A B B C   36—40 D A D B B

dadadada 2005-09-04 11:33
短文改错的目的是考查学生在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性，其错误类型主要包括拼写、语法、语篇结构、行文逻辑等。短文改错的能力如何，英语基础知识如何，直接关系到学生综合运用英语的能力。国外一些专家曾指出：提高学生的认错和改错能力，是使学生避免发生类似错误、提高正确使用英语进行书面表达的方式之一。

短文改错的命题一般是在题材轻松、内容浅显的短文中。一般常见的有以下几个方面的错误：

①句子成分残缺

如：

例1．没有公共汽车到我们学校。

There’s no bus comes to our university.(误，缺少主语)

There’s no bus that comes to our university. (正)

例2．詹妮常常迟到。

Jenny often late for school.(误，缺少谓语)

Jenny is(was) often late for school.(正)

例3．这部电影尽管已经看过好几次，但我还是喜欢看。

I have seen the fi1m several times，but I still like to see.（误，缺少宾语）

I have seen the fl1m several times，but l still like to see it．（正）

例4．这是你三年前读书的那所学校吗？

Is the school where you studied there years ago？（误，缺少表语）

Is the school the one where you studied there years ago？（正）

②句子成分多余

如：

例1. 我觉得英语不容易学，但我不会放弃。

I felt English was not easy，but I’l1 not give it up. （误，was多余）

I felt English not easy but I will not give it up． （正）

例2．如果明天有空，我要去书店买几本书来读。

If I’m free tomorrow，I’l1 go to the bookstore and buy some books to reed them.（误， them多余）

If I’m free tomorrow，I’l1 go to the bookstore and buy some books to read.（正）

例3．我的祖父l993年去世了。

My grandfather was died in l993．（误，was多余）

My grandfather died in l993．（正）

③主谓不一致

如：

例1．我姐姐每周至少去一次电影院。

My sister go to the cinema at 1east once a week. （误， 第三人称单数后应加s或es）

My sister goes to the cinema at 1east once a week. （正）

例2．汤姆打算跟他的两个兄弟一起到乡下去

Tom with his two brothers are going to the country. （误，主语是Tom）

Tom with his two brothers is going to the country. （正）

例3. 他省下的钱足够他买他觉得值得买的莎士比亚的作品。

He saved enough money to buy the works of Sharke-speare which he thought was worth buying．（误）

He saved enough money to buy the works of Sharke-speare which he thought were worth buying．（正）

④动词的时态和语态使用不当

如：

例1．你练习地越努力，取得的进步越大。

The harder you’ll practise, the greater progress you’ll make.（误）

The harder you’ll practise, the greater progress you’ll make. （正）

例2．我们打算分成四组。

We’re going to divide into four groups.（误）

We’re going to be divided into four group. （正）

例3．在水没有被污染的地方捕到了这些鱼。

Those fish were caught where the water didn’t pol-lute. （误）

Those fish were caught where the water wasn’t (hasn’t been) polluted.（正）

⑤词类混淆

如：

例1．尽管车子出了一点毛病，我们一路上还是很愉快。

Although the problem with the car, we enjoyed the journey very much.（误）

In spite the problem with the car, we enjoyed the journye very much.（正）

例2．看来这本书不如我上次读的那本那么容易懂。

It seems that this book isn’t so easily to understand as the one I read last time.（误）

It seems that this book isn’t so easy as the one I read last time. （正）

例3．他横穿街道时被一辆车撞了。

He was hit by a car when he across the street. （误）

He was hit by a car when he was crossing (was running across) the street.（正）

⑥迁移错误

又称母语干扰。中国学生的母语——汉语与英语在很多方面有很大的不同。如语言语序差别较大；汉语中没有和英语冠词相对应的词语；英语中的一些特殊现象如一致。平行结构等，这些方面都容易造成负迁移。如：

(1) When they came down the police were angry [to] them. with

(2)One does not need to understand the language of [ ]other. the

(3)He said it was best to stay until help arrived rather than go into the forest and [getting] lost. get

⑦其他方面考生可能出现的错误

如重复、忽视一些词对整个句意的逻辑关系所造成的根本变化、忽视英语句与句、词与词的连接必须使用并列或从属连词等等。如：

（1）I never knew [about] a ride down a river could be so exciting. [×]

（2）[Therefore], there are still some countries where people have shorter lives. However

（3）I told Mother, Father, Sister, and all my friends here [that] a great time I had. what

下面以1997年高考英语试题的一道短文改错题为例，来看一看短文改错的考查内容和解题方法：

Dear Bob,

Hello, I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang. 86._____I’d like to your penfriend, and get to know more about your country. 87. _______First, let me tell you something more about myself. 88. _____My name is Li Hua. I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. 89._____ I go to Hongqi Middle School. 90. ______We study quite a few subject, such as maths,

Chinese, English and physics. 91. _____ I use to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time, 92. ______ but now I am interesting in football. 93. ______ Do you play and ball games? What your favourite sport? 94. ______ I look forward to hear from you soon. 95. _______

Yours,

Li Hua

答案与评述：

86．应把learn改为1earned，因为句中有from my English teacher，为一已知的具体事实，应使用过去时态。

87．I’d like to后接原型动词，所以应在I’d like to的后面加上be或become。

88．tell you something more中的more是重复多余的成分，应予以删除。

89．应把where改为which，此处是考查定语从句的用法。

90．此行全对。

91．a few后接复数名词，所以应把subject改为subjects.

92．应把use改为used, used to是固定词组，意思是“过去常常”。

93．此题应把interesting改为interested，interesting与物连用，interested与人连用。

94．应在What后加is，此题是考查特殊疑问句的句式。

95．应把hear改为hearing。词组[1ook forward to +doing something]中的to为介词，后接动名词。

dadadada 2005-09-04 11:35
一般来说，衡量一个人英语口语水平的高低主要看以下几个方面：

1．语音、语调是否正确，口齿是否清晰；    

2．流利程度；

3．语法是否正确，用词是否恰当，是否符合英语表达习惯：

4．内容是否充实，逻辑是否清楚。

这些是衡量英语口语能力的主要标准。针对以上标准，采取相应的训练方法，大致可分为两个阶段。

第一阶段：准备阶段，主要是进行模仿、背诵、复述练习。目的是训练正确的语音、语调，提高流利程度，培养英语语感。同时，通过各种方式，如阅读、做练习题、听英语磁带、看英语录像和电影等，来扩大词汇量。

第二阶段：实践阶段，主要进行大量的会话练习，与他人对话、讨论，基础好的可练习口译，自己讲英语故事等等。

（一）模仿

模仿是学习外语的主要方法之一。模仿的原则：一要大声模仿。这一点很重要，模仿时要大大方方、清清楚楚、一板一眼、口形要到位。二要随时都准备纠正自己说不好的单词、短语等。有了这种意识，在模仿时就不会觉得单调、枯燥，才能主动、有意识、有目的地去模仿。三要坚持长期模仿。

模仿的具体方法：第一步，模仿单词的语音。模仿时要一板一眼，口形正确，口腔肌肉要充分调动起来。刚开始模仿时，速度不要过快，用慢速模仿，以便把音发到位。待把音发准了以后，再加快速度，直到达到不用想就能用正常语速把句子轻松地说出来的程度。对于自己读不准或较生疏的单词要反复多听几遍，然后再反复模仿。第二步，模仿词组的读法。有了第一步的基础，这一步就容易多了。重点要放在熟练程度和流利程度上，要多练一下连读。失去爆破、不完全爆破、同化等语音技巧。第三步，段落及篇章模仿，重点在于提高流利程度。打开录音机或收音机跟着模防，“他”说你模仿，同步进行。



（二）复述

学英语离不开记忆。记忆不是死记硬背，要有灵活性。复述就是一种很好的自我训练口语，记忆单词、句子的形式。

复述有两种常见的方法。一是阅读后复述，一是听磁带后复述。我认为后一种方法更好些，这种方法既练听力，又练口语表达能力。同时，可以提高注意力的集中程度，提高听的效果，而且还可以提高记忆力、克服听完就忘的毛病。

具体方法：要循序渐进，可由一两句开始，听完后用自己的话（英语）把所听到的内容说出来。一遍复述不下来，可多听几遍。在保证语言正确的前提下，复述可有越来越大的灵活性，如改变句子结构，删去一些不太有用或过难的东西，长段可以缩短，甚至仅复述大意或作内容叙要。

复述的内容要有所选择。一般来说，所选资料的内容要具体生动，有明确的情节，生词量不要太大。可选那些知识性强的小短文。开始时可以练习复述小故事，有了基础后，复述的题材可扩展开些。

复述表面看慢，实际上对英语综合能力的培养很有帮助。如果时间较充足，可以在口头复述的基础上，再用笔头复述一下，这样做可以加深掌握语言的精确程度，提高书面表达能力。

Rainkitty 2005-09-08 13:49
顶！

zqrkm159 2005-09-08 14:03
ddddddddddddddd

雷电X 2007-01-04 19:31
鹤。真不知道你在想什么？这么好的帖子竟然不置顶。

wj1234567890 2007-02-01 15:34
好!

⊙登峰造极⊙ 2007-07-16 21:04


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